SPM Biology · 2025 · Johor · Percubaan Kertas 1 (Johor)

A biologist studies deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Which biologist studies about this?

Diagram 1 shows the structure of an organelle. [图1：一个椭圆形胞器，内部有堆叠成一叠叠的圆盘状结构（基粒/类囊体），外有双层膜，是叶绿体的示意图。] Which process occurred in that cell component?

What will happen if there is no goblet cells in the epithelial tissue of the respiratory tract?

Diagram 2 shows an experiment. [图2：一支量筒底部放硫酸铜(II)晶体，上层是清水；一段时间后整筒水变蓝。] What is the process that occurs in the experiment?

A dehydrated patient is given an isotonic solution via an intravenous drip by a medical officer. Why is isotonic solution used in this situation?

Diagram 3 shows the formation of lipids. [图3：一个甘油分子(K)加三条脂肪酸链(L)，经过程P结合成脂质(M)并释放H₂O；逆向为过程Q。] What are P and Q?

Diagram 4 shows the 'lock and key' hypothesis of enzyme action. [图4：一个红色底物只能嵌入形状互补的红色酶，蓝色底物只能嵌入形状互补的蓝色酶，交叉配对示意酶与底物形状专一互补。] Based on the diagram, what characteristic does this enzyme show?

Enzyme activity in the alimentary canal is affected by temperature. Which of the following will occur when someone has high fever?

Diagram 5 shows a phase in the cell division. [图5：一个细胞内两极各有纺锤丝，同源染色体（每条仍具两条染色分体，呈V/A形）正分别被拉向细胞两极。] Name the phase.

The following information shows the characteristics of a child with a genetic disorder: Slanted eyes; Protruding tongue. What is the cause of this genetic disorder?

Which activities will cause the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles? I. Sit in the chair; II. Marathon; III. Play badminton; IV. Read the book

Diagram 6 shows the respiratory structure of a cockroach. [图6：气管系统，X指向体壁上气体（氧气进入、二氧化碳排出）出入的开口，Y指向较粗的管，Z指向分支后最细、深入组织的末端小管。] What are the structures labelled X, Y and Z?

Diagram 7 shows respiratory system of an insect. [图7：昆虫体内的气管系统，J指向一处膨大呈囊状的构造（气囊）。] What is the advantage of having structure J to the respiratory system of the insect?

Diagram 8 shows the human digestive system. [图8：人体消化系统，A指向口腔，B指向胃，C指向胃左侧（约在胰/胃区），D指向小肠。] Which of the part labelled A, B, C and D, does the digestion of protein starts?

Diagram 9 shows the structure found in the ileum. [图9：回肠内壁的指状突起（绒毛），Q以大括号标示整根绒毛结构。] Which of the following is the effect on the function of ileum if structure Q is damaged by viral infection?

Diagram 10 shows one of the stages in the pumping of the heart. [图10：心脏纵切，血液由心室被泵出（向上箭头出主动脉/肺动脉，向右箭头），心室壁收缩把血挤出。] Which of the following statement is correct about the stage?

A patient has a blockage in his left coronary artery. He often feels tired and experiences chest pain when doing physical activity. What is the main effect on the transport system in this patient's body?

Mucous membrane is the component of the first line of defense in human body. Which of the following is correct about the role of mucous membrane?

The following information is about disease related to human nervous system. G: The brain becomes hyperactive, Unable to focus. H: Neurodevelopment disorders in the brain, Having trouble in communicating and interacting. What are disease G and H?

Which of the following is correct about the regulation of body temperature when the body temperature drops below the normal range?

Diagram 11 shows the health issues of human musculoskeletal system experienced by pregnant women because of lack of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in daily nutrition. [图11：骨盆与腿骨，其中一段骨骼放大显示内部布满孔洞、骨质变得疏松多孔。] What is the health problem?

Diagram 12 shows the growth curve of a grasshopper. [图12：身长(cm)对时间(天)的阶梯状曲线；每一段先水平后突然垂直上升，Y标示其中一次垂直上升的部分。] Which of the following occurs during process Y?

Diagram 13 shows an application known as Menstrual Period Tracker in the smartphone of a woman in the month of January 2025. 月经日以阴影标示为 25、26、27、28、29 (Jan)。 Which of the following statements is correct?

Which of the following cells forms the basic tissues in plants?

Which of the following statements are true about the adaptations of the internal structure of a leaf for photosynthesis? I. There are stomata on the upper epidermis of the leaf; II. Leaves are held by petioles and arranged in mozaic pattern; III. Palisade mesophyll cell contains many chloroplast; IV. There are large air spaces between spongy mesophyll cells

Mr Aziz found that his spinach plants have nutrient deficiency problem. He uses egg shells as natural fertiliser for his spinach plants. Which of the following is the nutrient deficiency problem at his spinach plants?

Which of the following shows adaptation of xylem vessel?

Diagram 14 shows production of tomatoes for commercial purpose by using phytohormone. [图14：向番茄花喷洒激素P→长出番茄果实；采收后的番茄放入密封盒并施用激素Q（果实变红成熟）。] What are Hormone P and Hormone Q?

Diagram 15 shows a structure of a flower that develops into a fruit after fertilisation. [图15：一丛紧密聚生的小花（花序）经受精后发育成一颗菠萝(pineapple)。] Which statement is correct about the development of the fruit after fertilisation?

Diagram 16 shows a longitudinal section of a flower. [图16：花的纵切，中央有雌蕊（柱头、花柱、子房内含胚珠Ovul/Ovary），周围有雄蕊；X以双箭头标示花的上半部（柱头、花柱及雄蕊那一段）。] The flower is cut at X. Which statement explains why the ovary does not develop into a fruit?

Diagram 17 shows a type of submerged plant, Elodea sp. This plant has thin and small leaves. [图17：一株沉水植物Elodea，茎细长、叶片细小而薄，轮生于茎上。] What is the importance of these characteristics?

Diagram 18 shows a type of plant that lives in a hot and dry habitat. [图18：生长在干热环境的仙人掌等旱生植物(xerophyte)。] How do adaptive leaf structural features help xerophytic plants reduce water loss?

Diagram 19 shows some of the processes in the nitrogen cycle. [图19：氮循环，A箭头由大气氮→铵/植物蛋白方向（固氮）；C箭头由动物蛋白/植物蛋白→铵（分解）；B箭头由铵→亚硝酸盐→硝酸盐方向（硝化）。] What are the main functions of bacteria A, B and C in the nitrogen cycle?

In an ecosystem, energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis by green plants. This energy is then transferred to animals that eat the plants. What is the role of plants in the ecosystem based on the statement above?

A group of students conducted an ecological study in a grassland. Table 35 shows the data obtained. Number of first catches (marked & released) = 40; Second catches: No marked = 40, Marked = 10. Based on the data above, estimate the size of the locust population in the area?

Diagram 20 shows fish in a river dying. [图20：河面漂浮着大片黑色油污/污染物，鱼群翻白死亡。] What human activity caused the situation?

A dihybrid cross: Tall, red flowering pea trees are bred with dwarf, white flowering pea trees. All plants in the first generation (F1) are tall and red flowering. Which statements are correct? I. Tall characteristic is recessive to dwarf and white characteristic is dominant to red; II. All plants in the F1 generation are homozygotes; III. The parent genotype can be represented as TTMM and ttmm, while the F1 genotype is heterozygotes; IV. Both parents are purebred for the characteristics studied

Which of the following is a type of chromosomal structural change that causes chromosomal aberrations? I. Translocation (易位); II. Inversion (倒位); III. Insertion (插入); IV. Replacement (置换)

Diagram 39(a) shows one type of fingerprint pattern while Diagram 39(b) shows two individuals with different physical characteristics (e.g. different skin colour). What is the main cause of both types of variation?

Diagram 40 shows genetic engineering techniques in the production of insulin. [图40：从人类胰脏细胞的DNA中切下胰岛素基因(Gen X)，与细菌质体经DNA接合酶(DNA ligase)结合，转入细菌大量繁殖生产胰岛素(INSULIN)。] Based on Diagram 40, what is the effect if ligase does not work?